Indicator Lab · AD · Volume
Accumulation/Distribution Line
Weights volume by close location within the high-low range and accumulates contributions.
BTCUSDC · 1h · latest 30 complete days · shared snapshot · no account required
How does volume weighted by close location within the candle accumulate?
Weights volume by close location within the high-low range and accumulates contributions.
One dataset, the same parameters and the same candle for application and explanation.
BTCUSDC · confirmed hourly candles
Snapshot retrieved: 11 Oct 2026, 15:52 UTC · stored snapshot · background refresh scheduled · age when opened: 3,138.4 min
11 Sept 2026, 15:00 — 11 Oct 2026, 15:00 UTC · 720 evaluation candles · 3000 earlier candles for warm-up only. Your opened snapshot stays fixed. A visit can refresh a stale cache in the background for later visitors; fetching fresh is not a tick stream.
Parameters and precise application
Measurement and diagnosis · no trading direction
Inspect the actual value at each confirmed candle. This analysis produces no buy or sell orders.
Preparing the calculation module. The shared market snapshot is already available.
Calculation and interpretation of the same candle
Rising values mean predominantly positive close-location contributions; absolute levels depend on the starting point.
A/Dₜ=A/Dₜ₋₁+Vₜ·(2Cₜ−Hₜ−Lₜ)/(Hₜ−Lₜ)
Standard Chaikin close-location A/D, not the open-price alternate variant. Zero range contributes zero.
The line measures no actual money inflows or buyer identities. Gap moves can differ from candle location.
Checked sources and reproducibility
- TA-Lib · AD · v0.6.4
Original C reference implementation. Custom scaling and additional lines are described separately. · checked 2026-10-11
- pandas-ta 0.4.71b0 · pandas_ta/volume/ad.py
Verified original file from the versioned library; the implemented convention and deliberate differences accompany the formula. · checked 2026-10-11
- The Probability of Backtest Overfitting
Why selection across many historical trials can produce misleading results. This tool does not estimate PBO or claim out-of-sample profitability. · checked 2026-10-11
Data source, versions and hash
- Market data source
- https://data-api.binance.vision/api/v3/klines?symbol=BTCUSDC&interval=1h&startTime=1778338800000&endTime=1791730799999
- Specification
- indicator-library-1.0.0
- Execution model
- signal-simulation-1.0.0
- Data hash
- 42ac75e03e017bcac023d319dabb0928e0562fda0e51f4bfa5549ac50e3e8be4
- Disclosed candles including warm-up
- 3720
The sources support definitions and methodological limits. They do not establish profit for this specific BTCUSDC rule. This analysis is descriptive; parameter trials on the same history are not independent out-of-sample evidence. Parity with a deployed unCoded engine is not claimed.